Introduction. High-fidelity simulation of off-road and amphibious vehicle motion relies on accurate wheel-surface interaction models. Although empirical and semi-empirical wheel rolling models (Pacejka, Guo and Lu) are dominant on solid surfaces, their input parameters are often ambiguous and do not have a direct physical interpretation, it is significantly limiting their predictive capabilities under complex, multi-mode driving conditions. Expensive and time-consuming specific sample testing is often required to obtain accurate characteristics.

Materials and Methods. This study presents an experimental validation of a physically based wheel dynamics model for non-deformable supporting surfaces. The mathematical description of the tire model with the use of brush analogy has been previously presented. A laboratory test bench was used as a validation environment to measure wheel kinematics and dynamics under a wide range of vertical loads in both driving and driven modes. Key parameters, including rolling radius, longitudinal slip, and torque have been measured directly on the rig. 

Results. Experimental data were used to validate the developed mathematical model, implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink. The model demonstrated match with experiment results in free-rolling mode, with a normalized root-meansquare error (RMS) below 1.2% for the covered distance. In driving mode, the error increased to approximately 10%, which, according to the analysis, is explained by the risen complexity of torque application and slip dynamics. 

Discussion and Conclusion. Unlike purely empirical models, all parameters of the developed model have a clear physical meaning and can be determined from a limited set of experiments. It makes this model a preferred choice for problems requiring the behavior prediction under various conditions.

Introduction. The article proposes an approach to determining traffic flow parameters on congested sections of the primary road network in a resort region, aimed at estimating time losses and road transport accessibility of tourist and transport hubs. Two representative sections of federal highways in Krasnodar Krai have been considered: M-4 “Don” section with a sequential reduction in the number of traffic lanes, and A-147 section within the boundaries of Dagomys settlement with controlled intersections.

Materials and Methods. The initial database was compiled from traffic management projects, data from stationary traffic detectors, navigation services, and field surveys using the floating car method. For comparison, the Bureau of Public Roads function, the Highway Capacity Manual approach, and traffic simulation modeling have been applied. 

Results. It is shown that seasonal tourist demand and commuting migration create significant unevenness in traffic intensity. On M-4 “Don” highway, the maximum monthly traffic volume in August reaches 1.35 million vehicles per month, which is 256.2% higher than the figures recorded in February during the low tourist season. On A-147 highway, traffic intensity increases to 1.36 million vehicles per month, exceeding the February level by 43.7%. During peak periods, traffic speed decreases to 8–11 km/h, while queue lengths reach 9.8 km on M-4 and 2.4 km on A-147. 

Discussion and Conclusion. Calculation methods provide a smoothed assessment of traffic conditions and underestimate travel time under congested conditions. The simulation model reproduces vehicle accumulation, queue propagation, and stop-and-go regimes; therefore, it is advisable to use it as the primary tool for analyzing congested sections and selecting targeted measures to improve network efficiency.

Introduction. The relevance of this research stems from the need to quickly obtain information for calculations, particularly to study the regularities of passenger component in transport load. Currently, a major factor hindering successful forecasting in the field of passenger transportation is the insufficient implementation of models for estimating correspondence within urban passenger transport route networks via modern programming languages. The implementation of numerous methods at road transport enterprises is hindered by a severe lack of empirical survey data. Therefore, this study aims to implement a correspondence matrix estimation model for a public transport route as the basis for new data processing methods and algorithms, the use of specialized Python libraries enabling high performance computing without expensive equipment.

Materials and Methods. The data source for the experiment was a control tower equipped with the POTOK software package for monitoring passenger transportation. Primary data was collected from a BARS-01 T unit and Luch M.

Results. This study presents an efficient data processing method to estimate origin-destination matrices by integrating traffic flow reconstruction techniques with passenger flow data, using the least absolute deviations method to determine the optimal solution.

Robust optimization is proposed as an evaluation tool to address transport problems given inaccurate initial data. To solve the problem, the interior-point, simplex, revised simplex method, high-performance GHS, and dual simplex method algorithms from the Python package have been used.

Discussion and Conclusion. The extended functionality of this methodology reduces labor intensity in collecting passenger traffic data.

This study presents a practical model of evaluating matrices for public transport routes. This approach ensures the required measurement accuracy while reducing data collection costs, and supporting both transportation system planning and a broader functional assessment of urban areas.

Introduction. Road safety on sections of highways is largely determined by their geometric parameters, which influence driver’s perception of road conditions. Among the most significant factors are the visibility distance of oncoming vehicles and the parameters of horizontal curves, which determine the timeliness of danger detection and the ability to perform maneuvers safely. In this regard, the studies on developing a method for the automated assessment of the described characteristics based on a minimal set of initial data are relevant.

Materials and methods. An application written in the C# programming language has been developed to process road elevation profiles, estimate the visibility of oncoming vehicles, and visualize the results. As the initial data route coordinates and elevation marks obtained from the GraphHopper route planner and applied both to construct the road profile and to determine the radii of curves in planning have been used. The methodology involves coordinate transformation, converting the data to uniform spacing along the route, calculating visibility along the line of sight, estimating local curvature based on three points, and computing radius of curves using Menger’s formula. 

Results. Based on the processing and analysis of the initial data, a methodology has been developed to assess the visibility of oncoming vehicles based on the road elevation profile and to determine the radii of curves in plan, enabling the identification of road sections, where geometric parameters affect traffic safety.

Conclusion. The obtained results confirm the validity of using the developed methodology for a comprehensive assessment of highway parameters that impact traffic safety. The proposed approach makes it possible to determine on route data the visibility conditions for oncoming vehicles and the geometric characteristics of horizontal curves in plan, providing a basis for identifying potentially dangerous sections and justifying decisions aimed at improving traffic safety.

Introduction. The development of electric vehicles is accompanied by a transition to electromechanical braking systems, which eliminate the need for traditional hydraulic drives. This requires the development of a structured architecture, software and control routines that ensure the joint, conflict-free operation of electromechanical braking system algorithms. The aim of this work is to develop a functional structure and software algorithms for a vehicle electromechanical braking system.

Materials and Methods. A method of functional software decomposition for the electromechanical braking system is applied, including groups for data reception and processing, control action generation, diagnostics and safety assurance, and data transmission.

Results. A functional software structure for the electromechanical braking system is proposed, which includes groups for data acquisition and processing, control action generation, diagnostics and safety assurance, and data transmission. A set of control algorithms for the requested braking torque has been developed. 

Practical Significance. The developed functional structure and algorithms can be used in the software design of electromechanical braking systems of electric vehicles, providing a structured representation of the entire software architecture for mechatronic systems.

Originality. Originality lies in the formulation of the functional software structure for the electromechanical braking system and the systematization of braking control algorithms, taking into account dynamic stabilization and the interaction between mechanical and regenerative braking.

Introduction. The stability of vehicle braking force measurements is investigated on a power-type test bench equipped with a horizontally rotating disk under each test wheel, which ensures a tire-to-surface contact patch shape close to real road conditions. The factors controlled in the experiment include the wheel positioning radius on the support disk and the force applied to the brake pedal, while the response function is the braking force measured by the test bench.

Materials and Methods. A mathematical experimental design was used for a full-scale testing of a passenger car braking system on a custom-built test bench. This aimed to obtain static (regression) models linking the realized braking force to braking process parameters, such as brake pedal force and braking leverage. Correlation and regression analysis tools in Microsoft Excel were used to process the experimental data.

Results. The type, structure, and order of the static (regression) model linking the realized braking force to the braking process parameters (brake pedal force and braking leverage) have been determined. А model was obtained in the form of a nonlinear regression equation linking the factors to the response function. It was found that the maximum peak instability in braking force measurements (the maximum discrepancy between experimental and calculated values) for the test bench with horizontally rotating support discs does not exceed 5%. This is quite acceptable for practical application, in particular, for vehicle brake testing during operation.

Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained static model in the form of a nonlinear regression equation can be integrated into the test bench algorithm to control the accuracy of braking force measurements for in-service passenger cars during routine maintenance, periodic technical inspections, etc. The obtained statistical characteristics of the regression equation can be used to justify the metrological characteristics of the test bench for its type approval.

Introduction. Regular road surface monitoring is essential for an objective assessment of road conditions and timely intervention to combat emerging deformations. Traditional survey methods have long been limited to visual inspection, while developing pavement microcracks could remain undetected for a long time, subsequently leading to significant repair costs. A pressing issue is the development of a road surface monitoring methodology that can detect changes in road surface geometry, including microrelief analysis.

Methods and Materials. In modern practice, a detailed assessment of road surface conditions uses a three-dimensional representation of the surface as an array of laser reflection points obtained by terrestrial and mobile laser scanning. Road surface changes, including deformations, can be monitored and assessed by comparing point clouds obtained using stereophotogrammetry at different times. This requires minimizing the influence of external orientation errors on the clouds obtained at different times by aligning them with each other. A prototype equipped with a full-frame digital camera and a GNSS geodetic receiver was used. Between surveys conducted along two routes approximately one hour apart, changes in the asphalt surface during the specified time were simulated using specialized monitoring mockups to ensure that the survey data reflected both actual pavement deformations and simulated changes. The resulting point clouds contained over 40 million points each. To optimize the analysis, they were thinned to a density of 5 mm and cropped at the boundaries of the study area. The coordinates of the image projection centers were determined in RTK mode. The thinned point clouds were imported into Cloud Compare software (ENST, France) for analysis.

Results. For the study, photogrammetric models of the surveys were constructed, with point clouds superimposed on one another using exterior orientation parameters. The analysis revealed deviations that made it impossible to align the point cloud superposition results. Using the ICP algorithm, a reanalysis of the point clouds was performed after mutual orientation, shifting the second cloud relative to the first using a stable contour. Models placed after the initial survey showed actual changes. It was established that the accuracy of cloud construction based on the original exterior orientation parameters of the images was insufficient, and after integrating the point clouds using ICP algorithms, display improvements were evident.

Discussion and Conclusion. Photogrammetric survey systems exist that are relatively simple to use and relatively inexpensive, as exemplified by the presented model. It has been established that using only the coordinates of projection centers obtained using GNSS measurements as the initial data will result in insufficient point cloud orientation accuracy, specifically for deformation monitoring. However, the system is simple in design, and using modern ICP algorithms, it is possible to align two different time-lapse images, achieving millimeter-level accuracy in deformation changes. These images can be used to detect dynamic road cracks and predict road surface changes. This system, as a relatively inexpensive and simple piece of equipment, can be used for municipal needs, as well as for assessing deformations in specific areas (such as utility punctures or projectile impacts on road sections), to facilitate rapid response.

Introduction. The article presents the research results of the overall flexibility of a through-rod which is modeling a lattice tower. The object of the study is a tetrahedral pyramid-shaped rod. Special attention is paid to the discrepancy between the importance of total flexibility and lattice shear deformations when evaluating the reduced flexibility of rods with variable cross-section according to current steel structure design standards. The purpose of the article is to analyze studies and methods for assessing the overall flexibility of lattice towers and to develop a practical method based on the finite element method. The proposed method is based on obtaining the length coefficient of a variable cross-section from the ratio of stiffness (radius of inertia) of the support and effective sections. The characteristics of the effective section are obtained from the deflection of the variable cross-section rod model, taking into account the variability in the length of the sectional area of the belts. Using the example of calculating typical towers of antenna supports, a comparison of the values of the length coefficient obtained by different methods has been performed.

Materials and methods. The calculation of the through-rod of variable cross-section for stability is reduced to considering the ratio of the bending stiffness of conventional rods with constant cross-sections when the critical compressive forces are equal. Initially, the rod length coefficient was determined from the ratio of the moments of inertia of the end cross-sections with a constant sectional area of the belts. The values of the variable section length coefficient obtained from the analysis of data from different sources differ significantly from the values determined by the design standards of towers for power transmission lines. The discrepancy is connected with the different approach to accounting the possible variability of the sectional area of the belts along the length of the rod. Currently, the availability of the finite element method for calculating the bending stress strength of rod models of any complexity makes it easy to refine the overall flexibility of the through-rod. The calculation example shows that the flexibility of the through-rod of the antenna support with a variable sectional area of the belts is close to the flexibility of pyramid-shaped towers for power transmission lines.

Conclusions. In real tower constructions, the sectional area of the tower belts usually varies with height in accordance with the forces involved, the belt flexibility, and the grade of material used for it. For solving the problem of determining the length coefficient of the rod with variable cross-section, an effective cross-section method has been developed. The moment of inertia of the effective cross-section is easily determined by calculating the bending stress strength of the pyramid tower model in finite elements, taking into account the variability of not only the geometry of the sections, but also the sectional area of the belts. The proposed method is recommended to be applied in calculation of the overall stability of antenna towers.

Introduction. Improvement, landscaping, maintenance of the territory and green spaces of the Sirius Federal Territory are among the key sectors determining the quality of the urban environment and the living comfort of citizens. Sirius Federal Territory has a unique legal status and natural-climatic features (humid subtropics), which requires a special approach to regulatory regulation. The aim of the study is to substantiate the need to develop a series of organization standards to eliminate the identified conflicts and gaps in the regulatory framework governing the production of works on improvement, landscaping, maintenance of the territory and green spaces of Sirius Federal Territory.

Materials and Methods. The research is based on the analysis of regulatory sources in force within the Russian Federation and Sirius Federal Territory as of March 2026. The formal-legal method, comparative-legal method, method for identifying conflicts and gaps, and the method of systematic interpretation have been used. 

Results. Systemic contradictions are revealed between the federal codes of practice (SP 82.13330.2016, SP 42.13330.2016) and sanitary norms (SanPiN 2.1.3684-21) on the one hand, and the unique conditions of Sirius Federal Territory, on the other hand. Four types of conflicts are classified as: legal (uncertainty in the application of regional norms on Sirius Federal Territory), technical (climatic maladaptation), terminological (conflict between sanitary and aesthetic criteria), and chronological (uncertainty of the transition period). Gaps in regulatory control are identified, including the absence of special norms for the subtropical zone, methods for calculating parking spaces taking into account seasonal dynamics, requirements for corrosion protection under conditions of aggressive marine aerosol environment, local soil quality standards, etc.

Discussion. It is proposed to develop a series of organization standards for the Municipal Budgetary Institution «Parks of Sirius Federal Territory» (hereinafter referred to as MBI «Parks FT») a document detailing the requirements for input, operational and acceptance control, work production technology and the composition of executive production and technical documentation, as well as improvement and landscaping projects. The place of this series of organization standards within the hierarchy of regulatory documents is defined as being below the codes of practice, yet mandatory for application on Sirius Federal Territory through their inclusion in municipal contracts. The series of organization standards for MBI «Parks FT» under the general title «Guide to Production Control during Urban Improvement, Landscaping, Maintenance of the Territory and Green Spaces within Sirius Federal Territory is being developed in three parts:

• Part 1. Quality Management System. Quality assurance for improvement and landscaping, maintenance of the territory and green spaces on Sirius Federal Territory;

• Part 2. Quality control of work production during urban improvement and maintenance of the territory on Sirius Federal Territory;

• Part 3. Quality control of work production during landscaping and maintenance of green spaces on Sirius Federal Territory.

Conclusion. The development and implementation of the series of organization standards of MBI «Parks FT» will eliminate legal uncertainty, unify quality control requirements and improve the manageability of municipal contracts. After implementation and testing on Sirius Federal Territory, the accumulated materials can be used to formulate and develop higher-level regulatory documents for Sirius Federal Territory in the form of national standards and codes of practice. These documents will be harmonized with the regulatory acts in force within the territory of the Russian Federation, aiming to create a unified regulatory document on improvement, landscaping, maintenance of the territory and green spaces in the Russian Federation for further application and mandatory enforcement throughout the Russian Federation.

Introduction. For decades, operation and maintenance has been the longest, most costly, and most resource-intensive phase of a project, especially in developing countries where traditional practices are still in place, which include a lack of modern resource management technologies and a reliance on antiquated operating systems that use a lot of energy. Educational projects like schools and universities require effective operation and maintenance processes due to their continuous public usage and importance for community development. However, traditional facility management in developing countries like Iraq is characterized by fragmented information flows, insufficient preventative maintenance, and poor asset data management. Through the use of organized data, visualization, and links to computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS), Building Information Modeling (BIM) has shown potential for improving operation and maintenance practices.

Materials and Methods. This paper proposes a Building Information Modeling-Facility Management )BIM-FM( workflow framework within the context of educational infrastructure in developing countries. Adopting a case study approach, the study analyzes the existing FM process in a typical school in Kut city, central Iraq, highlights obstacles, and develops a BIM-FM workflow that integrates Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie), digital work orders, and preventive maintenance planning.

The findings demonstrate that the BIM-enabled FM framework improves data availability and stakeholder collaboration, while also revealing limitations such as high implementation costs, lack of skilled labor, and insufficient digital infrastructure. The study proposes a novel methodology that can be applied to public educational facilities in resource-constrained environments, laying the groundwork for sustainable school management practices. 

Conclusion. The study argues that a BIM-FM workflow during the operational phase of educational buildings in developing countries can enhance operational efficiency and asset dependability; nevertheless, its implementation is hindered by challenges including a shortage of qualified staff, a lack of BIM standards and high early expenses for operations and maintenance. Notwithstanding these limitations, the framework provides a structured approach for incorporating BIM into FM to increase the sustainability of educational infrastructure. Future research should expand the scope to include several schools and analyze the long-term cost-benefit implications.