Introduction. When designing a unit for the formation of the underlying layer, the problem arose of choosing working bodies designed for preliminary loosening of the surface layer of soil saturated with plant roots, with the aim of subsequent exposure of the underlying layer of the road under construction. When choosing the working bodies of technical means, many factors should be taken into account. However, the decisive indicator is the energy consumption per unit volume of the material being processed. Although the theoretical foundations of cutting soil are considered in great detail, but based on them it is difficult to identify and compare energy costs per unit volume of the developed soil. Options for determining the active forces and energy costs for cutting soil with disks, outlined by various authors, suggest the solution of very cumbersome dependencies. They are based on a synthesis approach to solving the problem. Without rejecting the synthesis approach, an analysis of the interaction of disks with the soil is made. Calculation of energy costs of disk ripper is carried out on the basis of previously identified values of its geometric, kinematic and dynamic parameters.
The method of research. Based on the structural layout of the disc ripper, the distance and time of movement of the disc ripper for the development of soil with a volume of one cubic meter was determined. For analysis, the disc is divided into elements: the edge of the blade, the chamfer of the blade and the side surfaces of the disc. A method for determining energy costs has been developed: for separating the soil layer from its array, dividing the layer into fragments, overcoming the soil pressure on the chamfer of the disk, accelerating the soil with a chamfer of the disc blade, overcoming friction between the soil and the chamfer of the disc blade, overcoming friction between the soil and the side surface of the disk. A scheme of conditional forces of influence of a chamfer of a blade of a disk on a ground for determination of conditional normal reaction of a chamfer of a blade of a disk and scheme of forces from determination of normal reaction of a lateral surface of a disk on influence of a ground is developed. The energy costs of cutting the roots with the edge of the blade of the disc can only be determined by experiments.
Results. On the basis of the developed methodology, energy costs have been determined: for separating the soil layer from its array, dividing the layer into fragments, overcoming the ground pressure on the chamfer of the disk, accelerating the soil with the chamfer of the blade of the disk, overcoming friction between the soil and the chamfer of the blade of the disk, overcoming friction between the soil and the side surface of the disk. From the scheme of the conditional forces of the impact of the chamfer of the blade of the disk on the ground, the conditional normal reaction of the chamfer of the blade of the disc is determined. From another scheme of forces, the normal reaction of the lateral surface of the disc to the effects of the soil was revealed. The total volumetric energy costs for cutting soil with disks are obtained by adding the identified partial energy costs.
Conclusion. On the basis of the theoretical studies carried out, the volumetric energy costs for cutting the soil with disks have been calculated. To these it is necessary to add energy costs: for cutting the roots with the edges of the blades of the disks and for moving the disc ripper. The structure of known energy expenditure is dominated by the energy to overcome friction between the soil and the side surface of the disk. Since the energy costs for cutting soil with disks are very high, it is impractical to use them in the unit for the formation of the underlying layer. This does not exclude the use of disc rippers for other purposes.

Introduction. An increase in the efficiency of snow removal work is due to an improvement in the characteristics of all components of this process, however, the creation of fundamentally new design schemes for snow blowers allows us to make qualitative changes in the problem of winter maintenance of roads, residential areas, etc.
Materials and methods. A description of analytical studies of the dependence describing the design parameters of the feeder cutter for a rotary-milling snow blower is presented, on the basis of which the concept of a fundamentally new design of the feeder for a rotary-milling snow blower is formed. The description of the mathematical model of the presented design of the feeder is given.
The structural scheme of the vertical cutter of the feeder of the rotary-milling snow blower is presented. Described are the main assumptions made in the compilation of the design scheme for the operation of the vertical cutter of the feeder of the rotary-milling snow blower. Equations have been obtained that describe the movement of a group of snow particles transported by a vertical mill and interact with each other in the process of movement, analytical dependences of the forces of normal reactions of the working elements of a vertical miller on its design and technological parameters. The initial conditions for the numerical solution of the presented equations of operation of the vertical milling cutter of the feeder of a rotary-milling snow blower are described.
Results. The structural scheme of the vertical cutter of the feeder of the rotary-milling snow blower is described. Described are the main assumptions made in the compilation of the design scheme for the operation of the vertical cutter of the feeder of the rotary-milling snow blower. Equations are obtained that describe the movement of a group of snow particles transported by a vertical mill and interact with each other in the process of movement, analytical dependences of the forces of normal reactions of the working elements of a vertical mill on its design and technological parameters. The initial conditions necessary for the numerical solution of the presented equations of operation of the vertical milling cutter of the feeder of the milling-rotary snow blower are determined.
Discussion and conclusion. The description of the mathematical model of the original design of the feeder of the throw-away snow blower is given. The necessity of a more complete substantiation of the initial conditions for the numerical solution of the equations of the work of the feeder of the throwing snow blower is indicated. This mathematical model makes it possible to proceed to a detailed study of the described cutter design in order to determine the working ranges of the design and technological parameters of the feeder with a vertical cutter.

Introduction. The problem of existing recorders of crane operation parameters in the direction of determining the intensity of work of mechanisms is revealed. The necessity of increasing the number of information sources is determined. Application of current parameters of the electric motor as a source of primary information is suggested.

Materials and methods. The characteristics of the experimental setup are presented. The validity of information sources has been evaluated on the lifting mechanism. Formulas for determining the error of calculating the stator current and active power parameters and for determining the coefficient of proportionality of the load on the drive and the information parameter are given.

Results. Tables and graphs of calculated mechanism load in terms of stator current and active power over the whole range of operating loads are presented. The dependence of accuracy of load determination on changes of supply mains voltage has been investigated.

Conclusions. As information source of the load on the crane hoisting mechanism it is recommended to apply an active drive power. The given parameter has shown the big stability to voltage changes in comparison with a current of stator. It was possible to reach accuracy of definition of a load of 2,6 % at requirement of 3 %.

Introduction. The widespread introduction of unmanned technologies quickly captures various industries and economies. Unmanned taxis are already moving through the streets of cities, including in our country. The introduction of unmanned technologies in the construction industry, namely in construction machines is a promising direction that will develop quite rapidly in the next few years. The construction machine closest in terms of control algorithm to an unmanned vehicle is an auto grader. One of the first stages of creating an unmanned grader is the construction of its trajectory. This paper presents methods for controlling the course of an unmanned vehicle, which can be adapted to control the grader.
Materials and methods. Theoretical studies were carried out on a mathematical model of the working process of the grader, developed using the methodology of system analysis and presented by differential equations of the second order.
Results. An efficiency criterion is proposed by which management methods can be compared. To evaluate the effectiveness of the presented methods, theoretical studies of the mathematical model of the working process of the grader were carried out according to the proposed efficiency criterion. The effectiveness of the copier control method for various values of the base length, base coefficient and grader speed has been confirmed.
Conclusion. The proposed control methods can be used to create promising autonomous traffic control systems for graders and other road construction vehicles.

Introduction. The calculation of correspondence was described at the beginning of the 20 century in the form of a gravitational model and is based on analogy with the law of universal gravitation. The development of this model can be called J. Wilson’s approach, in which correspondence calculations are performed using an entropy model. The entropy approach operates with various expressions for the entropy of a macroscopic system. At the same time, its equilibrium is achieved at the maximum value of the selected entropy function. The purpose of this work is to develop a methodology for determining the probabilistic demand of mass attraction centers - Shopping centers and to demonstrate the results of its application on the example of shopping centers located on the territory of the city of Tula. Probabilistic demand is necessary to obtain the so-called ‘a priori probabilities’ in the expression of the entropy of the transport macrosystem.
Methods and Materials. For the development of the methodology, as well as its further use, the most convenient and promising scientific platform is the theory of transport macrosystems, which is a special case of the general theory of macrosystems. Developed in the works of mainly domestic scientists, it allows you to perform various tasks specific to transport systems.
Conclusions. The method of determining the probabilistic demand of the mass attraction centers -Shopping centers, which consists in obtaining a priori probabilities of being in them and their capacities for solving problems of finding equilibrium distributions of visitors, was developed with the aim of further developing the macroscopic approach in the study of Shopping centers. The main purpose of the technique is to use the results obtained in solving problems about the equilibrium states of the drains of transport and the road network in the framework of the theory of transport macrosystems.

Introduction. The emphasis is placed on modern requirements in the development of transport industry by improving the planning of the activities of road transport enterprises in terms of indicators that determine the productivity of workers and rolling stock, which are a function of the demand for transportation. The results of the activities of road transport enterprises depend on the labour productivity of each employee performing a specific function for the implementation of a specific contract and making a profit.
Materials and methods. Planning is carried out using the conceptual provisions of the current planning of the work of a trucking company, taking into account the relationship of activities and the demand for transportation, methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics, scientific principles of education and training of workers for the transport industry.
Results. The application of a new approach to planning is to combine the productivity of workers and the production of rolling stock of the Motor Transport Enterprises (MTE). This made it possible to develop a mathematical model and methodology, which takes into account that the productivity of workers must ensure the receipt of the planned income for each contract and its value will be planned within the confidence limits. When planning, probabilistic events are taken into account that occur during the development of sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation and affect the need for skilled staff. Mathematical modeling is carried out in relation to the real operating conditions of cargo transportation and specific functions of employees. The number of rolling stock and the required number of employees are determined by the development of rolling stock, by the development of a specific production function by an employee in modern conditions of contractual relations.
Discussion and conclusions. The results of the study are intended for the practice of road transport enterprises at the stage of determining indicators of labor productivity of workers and rolling stock.

Introduction. The deterioration of engine oil in an internal combustion engine (ICE) is directly related to the ingress of various pollutants into the crankcase. Depending on the type of contamination, the type of sediment on engine part surfaces varies. It should be noted that the functioning of the motor oil is extremely affected by the oxidation process, and organic acids produced during the process contribute to corrosion of ICE parts. Water, diesel, cooling fluid, soot particles, asphaltenes, etc. also cause irreparable damage.
Materials and methods. This paper presents the results of an extensive literature review aimed at studying the main types of motor oil pollutants. Classifications are given for the aggregate state of pollutants, as well as for possible ways of their penetration into the lubricant. Liquid pollutants are the most narrowly considered in this article. To demonstrate the negative effect of contaminants entering the engine oil, photographs of internal combustion engine parts with sediments on the surfaces of the internal combustion engine components are presented.
Results. The classification of the main pollutants of motor oils is given; the consequences arising from the ingress of foreign compounds into the lubricant in question are indicated.
Conclusion. The effect of contaminants on the parts of the internal combustion engine and the lubricant has been established. On the basis of the classification, it is possible to judge the causes of entry and the possible consequences of the impact of contamination on the operation of the engine.

Introduction. Currently, increasing the durability of road asphalt concrete pavements is one of the urgent issues, the solution of which provides a significant economic effect achieved by increasing the turnaround time, as well as the overall service life of highways. Asphalt concrete pavements with prolonged wetting due to weakening of structural bonds can be destroyed due to crumbling of mineral grains, which leads to increased wear of the pavement and the formation of potholes. Water penetrates into micro defects in the structure of asphalt concrete, leading to a decrease in the strength of the material. As a result, the corrosion resistance of asphalt concrete is reduced. To improve the quality of the binder and the durability of the asphalt concrete pavement, in particular from crushed stone-mastic asphalt concrete (SMA), various modifying additives, including polymer ones, are used. In this regard, a promising direction is the use of polymers containing active groups, which are able to provide an increase in adhesion to mineral materials, including those from acid rocks, and, consequently, water resistance. One of these is the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAC).
Materials and methods. In order to study the effect of sevilen on the water and frost resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures, crushed stone-mastic asphalt concrete mixtures were prepared based on bitumen modified with БНД 70/100 sevilen made in the Moscow Oil Refinery Plant was used as the initial bitumen in the preparation of modified binders. Tests of crushed stone-mastic asphalt concrete mixtures were carried out for the indicator of the content of air voids in accordance with GOST R 58406.8.2019, the coefficient of water resistance in accordance with GOST R 58401.18-2019 and frost resistance in accordance with GOST 12801-98.
Results. It has been established that the content of air voids in asphalt concrete samples significantly decreases with an increase in the concentration of sevilene, which will further contribute to a higher frost resistance of the road surface. It is shown that the use of sevilen with 22% vinyl acetate makes it possible to increase the coefficient of water resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures due to the presence of polar molecules in the composition of ethylene vinyl acetate, actively interacting with the mineral components of the asphalt concrete mixture. The use of sevilen improves the frost resistance of asphalt concrete samples. So, the smallest decrease in strength in tests for frost resistance was shown by samples with 5% sevilene. It was found that polymer asphalt concrete based on binder with sevilene containing 22% vinyl acetate, which corresponds to the maximum basicity of the polymer, has the highest resistance to humidity and temperature effects of the environment.

Introduction. The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of methods for calculating stamp modules of soil deformation regulated by various standards of the Russian Federation.
Materials and methods. The experimental determination of the deformation modules for the soil of the roadbed was performed using stamp tests. The tests were carried out in a soil tray by loading and unloading a soil base compacted to the required compaction coefficient of 0.98. The load was applied by steps, and the stamp draft was measured after completion of deformation stabilization from each step. The criterion for stabilizing the deformation was a decrease in the speed to 0.02 mm / min and the time of application of the load, which should be at least 120 s. After measuring the elasto-plastic draft of the soil, the model was unloaded. Unloading is also carried out by steps. As a result, the dependences of the elasto-plastic and elastic draft of the soil model of the roadbed from the pressure in the form of hysteresis loops are constructed.
Results. The calculations of the soil deformation modulus were performed according to the various methods regulated by the standards of the Russian Federation. The calculation results are grouped into data samples that are processed by mathematical statistics methods. When processing data, each sample is checked for the presence of gross errors. The data samples are checked for belonging to one general population. To check whether three samples belong to one general population, the Kruskal W. H. and Wallis W. A. criterion was applied. Based on this comparison, we made judgments about the significance of differences in the samples.
Discussion and conclusions. To determine the deformation modulus of soil and road pavements made of granular materials, a method for calculating the modulus of deformation using a method that assumes a nonlinear dependence of deformations on pressures, described by a second-degree polynomial is recommended.