Development of measures to increase the cruising range of electric buses by installing thermal control system based on phase transitional heat acumulating materials

Introduction. The problems of the mass use of electric buses on urban routes are low operational indicators, including the life of traction batteries (TAB), a significant limited autonomous travel compared to motor vehicles based on internal combustion engines, high cost of batteries, limited implementation of charging infrastructure, deterioration of efficient operation at low ambient temperatures, etc. Most operating parameters depend on the efficiency of replenishment, storage and consumption of electricity on board the electric bus, which include: power reserve, TAB life and economic costs for operation.

Materials and methods. The work uses methods of numerical modelling of the movement of the KAMAZ 6282 electric bus under the conditions of the SORT 2: MIXED test cycle.

Result. In this work, the balance of electric energy on board the КАМАZ 6282 electric bus during its operation on the city route was analyzed, and the search for the most rational ways of its consumption was carried out due to the introduction of thermal control systems for the passenger compartment and the driver’s workplace based on the installation of a heat accumulator (HA) with phase transfer heat accumulating materials (PFTAM).

Discussion and conclusion. The installation of the proposed PFTAM-based system, provided that the range is provided at the level of the serial model, enables to reduce the battery capacity by 24% (up to 549 MJ) or, while maintaining the capacity of 720 MJ, increase the range by 44% up to 130 km.

1. Sebastiani M., LUders R., & Fonseca K. Evaluating Electric Bus Operation for a Real-World BRT Public Transportation Using Simulation Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2016; 17: 2777-2786. https://doi.org/10-l109/TITS.2016.2525800

2. Broatch A., Olmeda P., Bares P., & Aceros, S. Integral Thermal Management Studies in Winter Conditions with a Global Model of a Battery-Powered Electric Bus. Energies. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010168

3. El-Taweel, N., Zidan, A., & Farag, H. Novel Electric Bus Energy Consumption Model Based on Probabilistic Synthetic Speed Profile Integrated With HVAC. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2021; 22: 1517-1531. https://doi.Org/10.l109/TITS.2020.2971686

4. Yang C., Li L., You S., Yan B., & Du X. Cloud computing-based energy optimization control framework for plug-in hybrid electric bus. Energy. 2017; 125: 11-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2017.02.1025

5. Savenkov N.V. Skrpkar V.G., Entina L.E. For the question of creating the modification rows of operated city buses for increasing the fuel efficiency on passenger routes within the model group. Proceeding of the Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2019; 3 (17): 34-41. (in Russ.)

6. Pamula T., & Pamula, D. Prediction of Electric Buses Energy Consumption from Trip ParametersUsing Deep Learning. Energies. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/enl5051747

7. Iclodean C., Cordos N., & Todoru J, A. Analysis of the Electric Bus Autonomy Depending on the Atmospheric Conditions. Energies. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/enl2234535

8. Hnatov A. S., Arhun S. Ponikarovska Energy Saving Technologies for Urban Bus Transport. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 2017; 14, Nо 4: 4649–4664. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.14.4.2017.5.0366

9. Muñoz P. Comparative Analysis of Cost, Emissions and Fuel Consumption of Diesel, Natural Gas, Electric and Hydrogen Urban Buses / [et al.]. Energy Conversion and Management. 2022; Vol. 2571:115412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115412

10. Chikishev E. Impact of Natural and Climatic Conditions on Electric Energy Consumption by an Electric City Bus. Transportation Research Procedia. 2021; Vol. 57:113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.09.032

11. Gorbunova A.I., Anisimov E. Magaril Studying the Formation of the Charging Session Number at Public Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2020; Vol. 12, Nо 14: 5571. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145571

12. Bezruchonak A. Geographic Features of Zero-Emissions Urban Mobility: the Case of Electric Buses in Europe and Belarus. European Spatial Research and Policy. 2019; Vol. 26, Nо 1: 81–99. https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.26.1.05

13. Kremer P. Active Cell Balancing for Life Cycle Extension of Lithium-Ion Batteries under Thermal Gradient. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. 2021–July. 2021: 9502500. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISLPED52811.2021.9502500.

14. Gorbunova A., & Smirnova O. Model of the influence of the speed of communication and ambient temperature on the electric power consumption of an electricbus. Intelligence. Innovations. Investment. 2022. https://d0i.org/l0.25198/2077-7175-2022-1-84

15. Kotiev G., Butarovich, D., & Kositsyn, B. Energy efficient motion control of the electric bus on route. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 315. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/315/1/012014

16. Mozgovoy A.G. Thermophysical properties of heat storage materials. Crystallohydrates: Reviews on the thermophysical properties of substances. TFZ.1990; 2(82): 3-105. (in Russ.)